A Hero Journey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Hero Journey - Research Paper Example The underlying cause for rebellion and attempts to overthrow King Aegeus was prompted by the fact that the King was childless. After engaging in sexual relationship with Aethra, the daughter of Pittheus, and having convinced beyond any reasonable doubt that Aethra was expecting a child, Aegeus left for Athens but without giving instructions to Aethra. Aegeus instructed Aethra that if she a bore a boy child, she should sent the child to Athens. Aegeus left behind a pair of sandals and sword, which he hid under a huge rock (Bertram and Webster,21). After attaining a mature age, Aethra sent Theseus to Athens as directed by Aegeus so as to claim his birthright. Before this ordeal, Aethra disclosed to Theseus the identity of his real father and thereafter directed him to the rock where Aegeus had hidden the sword and pair of sandals. Since Theseus had developed a well built body and had marshaled great bravery, he lifted the rock with ease and took possession of the tokens (Dryden.8). It is clear that Theseus was being prepared for the adventure ahead. Although he grew under the tutelage of his grandfather (Pittheus) during his formative years, Theseus received the necessary training. Theseus had a personal tutor named Connidas. The journey to Athens proved to be dangerous and risky for Theseus but he overcame the challenges. Initially according to plan, Theseus was supposed to travel to Athens via sea since this was the safer route. It was extremely dangerous by that time for any person to travel by land. Pittheus (Theseus grandfather) and Aethra (Theseus mother) implored him to travel via sea but he refused (Bertram and Webster,pg.12). Theseus instead opted to travel to Athens by land to the astonishment of Pittheus and Aethra. Theseus was much aware of the consequences associated with land travel but he defied the instructions from the seniors. Choosing to travel to Athens by road, Theseus was prepared for any eventuality. This is the stage where

Becoming A Woman And Accepting It Essay Example for Free

Becoming A Woman And Accepting It Essay Becoming A Woman 1 At first reading, Elizabeth Bishop’s â€Å"In The Waiting Room† is a world full of wonderful imagery. I did not care what it meant, I just enjoyed the way she described what she saw in the National Geographic while waiting in a dentist’s room. I can perfectly see in my mind when she wrote about â€Å"the inside of a volcano, black, and full of ashes; then it was spilling over in rivulets of fire †¦ Babies with pointed heads wound round and round with string† (Bishop, 1977). The second reading, I began to wonder what she meant with â€Å"But I felt: you are an I, you are an Elizabeth, you are one of them †¦ Why should I be my aunt, or me, or anyone? † I thought maybe she has an identity crisis or something like that so I reread it again. This time, the phrase â€Å"I said to myself: three days and youll be seven years old† stuck on my mind. And that’s when everything clicked. I felt that with her seventh birthday coming on (for me, this is an idiom for a woman’s rite of passage like her eighteenth birthday or another significant event), Elizabeth feels she’s finally becoming a woman. When I say becoming a woman, it’s the transition from being a carefree girl to an adult female with responsibilities. She’s quite agitated by it, not quite sure if she could be like her aunt and the rest of the adults. Elizabeth is anxious and is not ready to become a woman, but whether she likes it or not, she’s a woman already. Thus, she said, â€Å"I knew that nothing stranger had ever happened, that nothing stranger could ever happen. † After questioning how she became a woman, Elizabeth finally accepted that she is one. In the end of the poem she said, â€Å"The War was on. † If you were a kid, a teenager, or someone who doesn’t care for responsibilities, a war is not something you’d think about. But Elizabeth now does think about it. She has finally accepted she is a woman with responsibilities, still scared about it but willing to face whatever that might come her way. Well, at least, that’s how I see it ? Becoming A Woman 3 Reference Bishop, Elizabeth. (1977). Geography III. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.

Art of Psychotherapy Essay -- therapeutic relationship

I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client’s perspective. It takes art and skill of a therapist to examine, explore, or understand the self and another person. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. If a therapist cannot develop a re lationship and understand the client, then it is unlikely that individualized techniques could be successfully applied. Psychotherapy could easily exist as an art form if it were not for managed care. Managed care has not completely eradicated the art of psychotherapy at this point in time; however, as more research reveals EVT are applicable to more disorders, then the art of psychotherapy will likely decline in existence. This would occur due to managed care’s preferences for the use of EVT, since there is evidence that they work and likely work quickly, saving time and money. In order to receive reimbursement and compete with psychopharmacology there is a growing necessity for the reliance on empirically validated therapy (Reisner, 2005). Psychotherapy... ...ong with any necessary treatment measures (Scaturo, 2001). All types of therapy approaches are getting at the same problems of the client in an effort to alleviate them. The only real difference is they â€Å"process† that is that is involved. A discrepancy in treatment and the outcome is created if clinical expertise alone, research findings (EVTs) alone, or patient preference alone determines the treatments that the client gets (Reisner, 2005). Therapy involves both science (empirically validated treatments) and art by combining the relationship, knowledge of the client’s needs with the proper treatment techniques. Overall, I do not feel that manualized treatments will ever completely replace the art of psychotherapy; however, it is likely that the combination of manualized treatments and the art of psychotherapy will lead to more successful therapeutic outcomes. Art of Psychotherapy Essay -- therapeutic relationship I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client’s perspective. It takes art and skill of a therapist to examine, explore, or understand the self and another person. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. If a therapist cannot develop a re lationship and understand the client, then it is unlikely that individualized techniques could be successfully applied. Psychotherapy could easily exist as an art form if it were not for managed care. Managed care has not completely eradicated the art of psychotherapy at this point in time; however, as more research reveals EVT are applicable to more disorders, then the art of psychotherapy will likely decline in existence. This would occur due to managed care’s preferences for the use of EVT, since there is evidence that they work and likely work quickly, saving time and money. In order to receive reimbursement and compete with psychopharmacology there is a growing necessity for the reliance on empirically validated therapy (Reisner, 2005). Psychotherapy... ...ong with any necessary treatment measures (Scaturo, 2001). All types of therapy approaches are getting at the same problems of the client in an effort to alleviate them. The only real difference is they â€Å"process† that is that is involved. A discrepancy in treatment and the outcome is created if clinical expertise alone, research findings (EVTs) alone, or patient preference alone determines the treatments that the client gets (Reisner, 2005). Therapy involves both science (empirically validated treatments) and art by combining the relationship, knowledge of the client’s needs with the proper treatment techniques. Overall, I do not feel that manualized treatments will ever completely replace the art of psychotherapy; however, it is likely that the combination of manualized treatments and the art of psychotherapy will lead to more successful therapeutic outcomes.

The Ambitious Marc Antony in Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar Essa

The Ambitious Marc Antony in Julius Caesar    The tragic and untimely death of Julius Caesar, a condemned Roman tyrant, triggered William Shakespeare's creativity. In his play Julius Caesar Shakespeare writes of the treacherous conspirators, Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius, and their plans to assassinate their Roman leader, Julius Caesar. The story continues to explain how Caesar's loyal friend, Marc Antony, helps avenge the brutal murder. After Antony receives soldiers to fight his battle, his character begins to change. The   fair and faithful Marc Antony transforms to a darker and more deceitful character. Marc Antony is not suitable to rule Rome because he holds a grand desire of great power, his conceit restrains him from seeing other's opinions and he possesses the dangerous power of crowd swaying.    Marc Antony hungers for domination, which is dangerous for Rome because he will go to any length to achieve his objective. These lengths include Marc Antony betraying his fellow country officials along with the citizens by deceiving them. The first time this treachery occurs is after Caesar's death while Marc Antony is discussing the act with the conspirators. Antony tells the conspirators that although he is mournful of his dear friend's death, if they believe the action they took was necessary then he will have to agree. However, once the conspirators leave, Antony reveals to Caesar's body that he will indeed seek his revenge. Antony accomplishes his plan of retribution by speaking at Caesar's funeral, convincing the crowd of Roman citizens that this act was truly a murder by power-hungry leaders. The fact that Marc Antony carried out his plan states that he will deceive his asso... ...s riled audience and the possession of information that sets them over the edge into being an unforgiving mob (III, 2, 107-259). Having a serious effect on an audience is important when trying to be understood fully, however revenge is a dangerous topic especially when being encouraged by a talented public speaker.    Marc Antony is truly a deceitful person. This attribute is apparent in Antony's actions including how he handles his excessive greed, presumption in himself and his opinions and his perilous power of public speaking. Antony is not worthy of the presidency because he would be entrusted with too much power. Jurisdiction is an important privilege given to only those who can prove themselves as worthy and capable. Marc Antony has demonstrated that he cannot adequately rule Rome and therefore should not be allowed the opportunity.   

Production Plan for Riordan Manufacturing

Production Plan for Riordan Manufacturing The intended principle of this study is to submit suggestions for a new process design and the supply chain at Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. The reformation will utilize the theory of Lean Production in the application of the electric fans manufacturing. The research uses Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. intranet information. This paper will present a complete production plan for two of the Riordan Manufacturing Inc. locations: Hangzhou, China and Pontiac, MI.Riordan’s plant in Hangzhou, China specializes in the plastic fan blades and fan housings, and the Pontiac, Michigan location provides the customized look and design of the fans. The research of Riordan’s China plant exposed obstacles to the effectiveness of process design and supply chain. By making cuts in their inventory costs, improving outsourcing and their supply chain should benefit Riordan. The purpose of the modified process design and supply chain will help reduce the de sign and delivery time by subcontracting its limited activities to a third party.The relocation of Hangzhou’s plant operations to Shanghai will minimize shipping costs and reduce stocking of the inventory. The application of the Theory of Constraints will modify the process into a strategic plan. The proper implementation of the Lean Production Current Production Process The Hangzhou, China plant uses a make-to-order fabrication process selection strategy when manufacturing the electric fans. Currently the plant makes fans utilizing a batch production process to allow the fans to be made specifically to the consumer’s needs.Useful reports about the industry propose that Riordan Manufacturing should move to a more aggressive process design system to meet the anticipated increased demand and to gain more market share. Safety stock will support a just-in-time (JIT) delivery process to reduce delays that are external to the business such as concerns with work stoppages and working conditions as global plants can experience. The new process design system would include maintaining electric fan capacity reflective of competitor sales performance, and based on the product demand throughout Asia and Europe.The process flow structure would be changed to an assembly line infrastructure to support increased operations and sales. An assembly model would also encompass customer specific orders in addition to safety stock and current inventory requirements. New Supply Chain Design Because the polymer material is more abundant, obtained locally, and has no availability or delivery issues, the China plant will shift the contents of its inventory to house more fan motors.Riordan will adopt a pull system to only purchase the polymer required for the daily requirements of fans and housings, which will provide additional storage space for more critical inventory. Possessing a safety stock of electric motors will prevent a slowdown in Riordan’s manufacturing pr ocess, eliminating one of the main bottlenecks in the value stream. To achieve this efficiency, Riordan will periodically place orders with a second motor supplier so that Riordan can begin a new two-bin system. In a two-bin system, items are used from one bin, and the second bin provides an amount large enough to ensure that the stock can be replenished,† (Chase et al. , 2006, p. 609). The first bin will contain electric motors for production orders to satisfy customer requirements, the second will be appropriated a safety stock that will provide the ability for consistent production runs. New Custom Orders Process To facilitate custom manufacturing of fans, Hangzhou will offload this portion of their business to the Riordan plant in Michigan (MI).This move will take advantage of the mass customization capabilities at the MI plant. Mass customization is highly effective when differentiating a product for specific customer requirements until the latest point in the supply chai n (Chase et al. , 2006). The MI plant is capable of customizing the fan design, the color of the finished part, and the new fan blade dies required per customer specifications. This move from Hangzhou to MI allows customization without disrupting the flow of material and allowing customers in North America to customize their products.The custom designs will incorporate standard fastening details, which are common to Riordan fans. Standardized parts would save the company money through volume discounts and would eliminate waste from excess inventory of different fasteners. Once the customer decides to purchase a significant quantity of fans, Hangzhou will start the production process in China where polymer is more abundant and labor is less expensive. New Logistics ProcessAlthough Riordan has used a few different companies for its shipping needs, the company will benefit by taking a different approach, which will increase operational efficiency and competitive advantage. Certainly on e area of concern is the less than optimal on-time delivery performance average of 93%, which affects negatively on the Riordan brand and customer satisfaction. Riordan will outsource its logistical requirements to the most qualified marketing partners. Outsourcing is the act of moving some of a firm’s internal activities and decision responsibilities to outside providers. † Riordan will maintain its core competencies in-house, including the intellectual property of manufacturing high performance fans and outsource other logistical â€Å"non-proprietary† standardized processes. Riordan will use logistic design concepts to ensure that fan materials, engineering, and design produce a product that meets desirable package sizes and weights (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano, 2006).This design approach will ensure that regardless of the transportation mode selected (trucking, rail, water, or air), the customer will benefit from reduced shipping charges. In addition, Riordan wil l explore the best type of robust packaging that will produce damage free transport of the product to the customer. (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano, 2006). Ultimately, by outsourcing logistical efforts to well established technology driven-partners, Riordan’s can provide additional value to the customer. Logistics companies now have complex computer tracking technology that reduces the risk in transportation and allows the logistics company to add more value to the firm that it could if the function were performed in-house† (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano, 2006, p. 414). Conclusion (Danielle Garcia 200 words) Compile and run through plagiarism (Danielle Garcia) References Chase, R. B. , Jacobs, F. R. , & Aquilano, N. J. (2006). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (11th ed). New York, McGraw Hill/Irwin.

African Elephant Facts

African Elephant Facts The African elephant (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) is the largest land animal on the planet. Found in sub-Saharan Africa, this majestic herbivore is known for its remarkable physical adaptations as well as its intelligence. Fast Facts: African Elephants Scientific Name: Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotisCommon Names:  African elephant: savannah elephant or bush elephant and forest elephantBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 8–13 feet tall, length of 19–24 feetWeight: 6,000–13,000 poundsLifespan: 60–70 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 415,000Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description There are two subspecies of African elephant: savanna or bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). African bush elephants are lighter gray, larger, and their tusks curve outwards; the forest elephant is darker gray in color and has tusks that are straighter and point downward. Forest elephants make up about one-third to one-quarter of the total elephant population in Africa. Elephants have a number of adaptations that help them to survive. Flapping their large ears enables them to cool down in hot weather, and their large size deters predators. The elephants long trunk reaches food sources located in otherwise inaccessible places, and the trunks are also used in communication and vocalization. Their tusks, which are upper incisors that continue to grow throughout their lifetimes, can be used to strip vegetation and dig to obtain food. Habitat and Range African elephants are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where they typically live in plains, woodlands, and forests. They tend not to be territorial, and they roam large ranges through several habitats and across international borders. They are found in dense forests, open and closed savannas, grasslands, and in the deserts of Namibia and Mali. They range between the northern tropics to the southern temperate zones in Africa and are found at the oceans beaches and on mountain slopes and elevations everywhere in between. Elephants are habitat modifiers or ecological engineers that physically alter their environments affecting the resources and changing the ecosystems. They push over, debark, break branches and stems, and uproot trees, which causes changes in tree height, canopy cover, and species composition. Studies have shown that the changes generated by the elephants are actually quite beneficial to the ecosystem, creating an increase in total biomass (up to seven times the original), an increase in nitrogen in the content of new leaves, as well as an increase in habitat complexity and food availability. The net effect is a multilayered canopy and a continuum of leaf biomass supporting their own and other species.   Edwin Godinho / EyeEm  /  Getty Images Diet Both subspecies of African elephants are herbivores, and most of their diet (65 percent to 70 percent) consists of leaves and bark. They will also eat a wide variety of plants, including grass and fruit: Elephants are bulk feeders and require an enormous amount of food to survive, consuming an estimated 220–440 pounds of forage  daily. Access to a permanent source of water is critical- most elephants drink frequently, and they need to obtain water at least once every two days. Elephant mortality is quite high in drought-affected regions. Behavior Female African elephants form matriarchal groupings. The dominant female is the matriarch and the head of the grouping, and the rest of the group consists primarily of the females offspring. Elephants use low-frequency rumbling sounds to communicate within their groupings. In contrast, male African elephants are mostly solitary and nomadic. They temporarily associate with different matriarchal groups as they seek mating partners. Males assess each others physical prowess by play-fighting with one another. Male elephants behavior is linked to their musth period, which typically takes place during winter. During musth, male elephants secrete an oily substance called temporin from their temporal glands. Their testosterone levels are as much as six times higher than normal during this period. Elephants in musth can become aggressive and violent. The exact evolutionary cause for musth is not definitively known, though research suggests that it may be linked to the assertion and reorganization of dominance. Reproduction and Offspring Elephants are polyandrous and polygamous; mating happens year round, whenever females are in estrus. They give birth to one or rarely two live young about once every three years. Gestation periods are approximately 22 months long. Newborns weigh between 200 and 250 pounds each. They are weaned after 4 months although they may continue to take milk from the mothers as part of their diet for up to three years. Young elephants are tended by the mother and other females in the matriarchal grouping. They become fully independent at the age of eight. Female elephants reach sexual maturity at about 11 years of age; males at 20. The lifespan of an African elephant is typically between 60 and 70 years.   Patrick Robert - Corbis  /Getty Images Misconceptions Elephants are beloved creatures, but they arent always fully understood by humans. Misconception: Elephants drink water through their trunks. Truth: While elephants use their trunks in the drinking process, they dont drink through it. Instead, they use the trunk to scoop water into their mouths.Misconception: Elephants are afraid of mice. Truth: While elephants may be startled by the darting movement of mice, they have not been proven to have a specific fear of mice.Misconception: Elephants mourn their dead. Truth: Elephants demonstrate an interest in the remains of their dead, and their interactions with those remains often seem ritualistic and emotional. However, scientists have not yet determined the precise cause of this mourning process, nor have they determined the degree to which elephants understand death. Threats The main threats to the continued existence of elephants on our planet are poaching, habitat loss, and climate change. In addition to overall population loss, poaching removes a majority of bulls over the age of 30 and females over the age of 40. Animal researchers believe that the loss of older females is particularly acute, as it impacts the social networks of elephant herds. Older females are the repositories of ecological knowledge who teach calves where and how to find food and water. Although there is evidence that their social networks are restructured after the loss of the older females, orphaned calves tend to leave from their natal core groups and die alone. Poaching has decreased with the institution of international laws prohibiting them, but it does continue to be a threat to these animals. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies African elephants as vulnerable, while the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System classifies them as threatened. According to the Great Elephant Census of 2016, there are approximately 350,000 African savanna elephants located in 30 countries. Between 2011 and 2013, more than 100,000 elephants were killed, mostly by poachers seeking their tusks for ivory. The African Wildlife Foundation estimates there are 415,000 African elephants in 37 countries, including both savanna and forest subspecies, and that 8 percent are killed by poachers annually. Sunshine Seeds/Getty Images Sources Blanc, J. Loxodonta africana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T12392A3339343, 2008.Elephant. African Wildlife Foundation.  Foley, Charles A. H., and Lisa J. Faust. Rapid Population Growth in an Elephant Loxodonta Africana Population Recovering from Poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Oryx 44.2 (2010): 205–12. Print.Goldenberg, Shifra Z., and George Wittemyer. Orphaning and Natal Group Dispersal Are Associated with Social Costs in Female Elephants. Animal Behaviour 143 (2018): 1–8. Print.Kohi, Edward M., et al. African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) Amplify Browse Heterogeneity in African Savanna. Biotropica 43.6 (2011): 711–21. Print.McComb, Karen, et al. Matriarchs as Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants. Science 292.5516 (2001): 491–94. Print.Tchamba, Martin N., et al. Plant Biomass Density as an Indicator of Food Supply for Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) in Waza National Park, Cameroon. Tropical Conservation Scie nce 7.4 (2014): 747–64. Print. The Status of African elephants. World Wildlife Magazine, Winter 2018.Wato, Yussuf A., et al. Prolonged Drought Results in Starvation of African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana). Biological Conservation 203 (2016): 89–96. Print.Wittemyer, G., and W. M. Getz. Hierarchical Dominance Structure and Social Organization in African Elephants, Loxodonta Africana. Animal Behaviour 73.4 (2007): 671–81. Print.

BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essays

BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essays BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essay BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essay BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING BY Iatr01990 BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING BASIC TERMINOLOGY Simple calculations often help in making quality marketing decisions. If we are to assess the likely profit consequences of alternative actions, we must understand the cost associated with doing business as well. We can calculate the expected revenue generated by each pricing strategy, but without cost information, it is not possible to determine the preferred price. The cost concepts we introduce are:- Variable cost Fixed cost Total cost We combine the cost information with price information to determine unit contribution and total contribution. This Figure is a good enough approximation of actual cost behaviour Total cost 0 The total cost line (the solid line) does not go through the origin, i. e. , for a zero output level, total cost is not zero. Fixed cost 0 We call OA the firms fixed costs. Fixed costs are those costs which do not vary with the level of output. An example of a fixed cost is the lease cost of a plant. Variable cost 0 The variable cost increases as output increases. TOTAL COST = FIXED COST + TOTAL VARIABLE COST Contribution Unit contribution = PriceUnit (P) Variable costUnit (VB) Total contribution = (P VB) * Total number of units the firm sells Total contribution = Total revenue Total variable cost Price*Total number Variable cost unit*Total number of unit sells of unit sells The total contribution is the amount available to the firm to cover (or continued to) fixed cost and profit after the variable cost has been deducted from total revenue. Example: Lets solidify our understanding of these definitions by working through he video cassette tape pricing problem. Suppose the unit variable cost k is $4; tnen assumlng tne sales Torecasts pnce = $5 Unit contribution Tor eacn prlce level given aoove are correct: -$1 Total contribution per week * Tot. number of unit sells = * 1,000 units/week= 1 . ooomeeks pnce = $6 = $6- $4-$2 Total contribution per week = $2/unit * 700 units/week pnce = $7. 50 = $7. 50 $4=$3. 50 = 1. 400/weeks Total contribution per week = $3. 50/unit *600 units/week =2. 100/weeks Since, by definition, the fixed cost associated with each output level is the same, the firm is best off by charging $7. 0 since of the three possible prices $7. 50 maximizes the total contribution. MARGIN CALCULATIONS The term margin is sometimes used interchangeably with unit contribution for a manufacturer. Margin is also used to refer to the difference between the acquisition price and selling price ofa good for a member of the channels of distribution. For example, consider Figure D, in which we have the videocassette tape manufacturer selling through a wholesaler, who in turn sells to retailers, who then sell to the public. Each of the three members of the channel of distribution(manufacturer, holesaler, retailer) performs a function and is compensated for it by the margin it receives. RETAILERS PERCENT= SELLING PRICE MARGIN TO CONSUMERS PURCHASE PRICE FROM WHOLESALER SELLING PRICE TO CONSUMERS RETAILERS DOLLAR MARGIN Note that in the denominator of Equation, we have the selling price to consumers. It would have been as logical to put purchase price from wholesaler there instead. It is only by convention that we divide by the selling price. For any member of the channel, we will always compute its percentage margin by dividing its dollar margin by the price at which it sells the goods. BREAK-EVEN VOLUME The BEV is the volume at which the firms total revenues equal total cost; below BEV, the firm has a loss; above BEV, the firm shows a profit. How many units must be sold to cover cos ts- we can ootaln tne answer Dy arawlng a total revenue line as In Hgure F. The point at which the total revenue line cuts the total cost is BEV. BEV = FIXED COST / (PRICE UNIT VARIABLE COST) = FIXED COST / UNIT CONTRIBUTION BEV can be of help in making decisions about unit contribution (through price or variable cost changes) or the appropriate level of fixed costs for a business.

The 31 Literary Devices You Must Know

The 31 Literary Devices You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need to analyze The Scarlet Letter or To Kill a Mockingbird for English class, but fumbling for the right vocabulary and concepts for literary devices? You’ve come to the right place. To successfully interpret and analyze literary texts, you’ll first need to have a solid foundation in literary terms and their definitions. In this article, we'll help you get familiar with most commonly used literary devices in prose and poetry. We'll give you a clear definition of each of the terms we discuss along with examples of literary elements and the context in which they most often appear (comedic writing, drama, or other). Before we get to the list of literary devices, however, we have a quick refresher on what literary devices are and how understanding them will help you analyze works of literature. What Are Literary Devices and Why Should You Know Them? Literary devices are techniques that writers use to create a special and pointed effect in their writing, to convey information, or to help readers understand their writing on a deeper level. Often, literary devices are used in writing for emphasis or clarity. Authors will also use literary devices to get readers to connect more strongly with either a story as a whole or specific characters or themes. So why is it important to know different literary devices and terms? Aside from helping you get good grades on your literary analysis homework, there are several benefits to knowing the techniques authors commonly use. Being able to identify when different literary techniques are being used helps you understand the motivation behind the author's choices. For example, being able to identify symbols in a story can help you figure out why the author might have chosen to insert these focal points and what these might suggest in regard to her attitude toward certain characters, plot points, and events. In addition, being able to identify literary devices can make a written work's overall meaning or purpose clearer to you. For instance, let's say you're planning to read (or re-read) The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis. By knowing that this particular book is a religious allegory with references to Christ (represented by the character Aslan) and Judas (represented by Edmund), it will be clearer to you why Lewis uses certain language to describe certain characters and why certain events happen the way they do. Finally, literary techniques are important to know because they make texts more interesting and more fun to read. If you were to read a novel without knowing any literary devices, chances are you wouldn't be able to detect many of the layers of meaning interwoven into the story via different techniques. Now that we've gone over why you should spend some time learning literary devices, let's take a look at some of the most important literary elements to know. List of Literary Devices: 31 Literary Terms You Should Know Below is a list of literary devices, most of which you’ll often come across in both prose and poetry. We explain what each literary term is and give you an example of how it's used. This literary elements list is arranged in alphabetical order. Allegory An allegory is a story that is used to represent a more general message about real-life (historical) issues and/or events. It is typically an entire book, novel, play, etc. Example: George Orwell’s dystopian book Animal Farm is an allegory for the events preceding the Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era in early 20th century Russia. In the story, animals on a farm practice animalism, which is essentially communism. Many characters correspond to actual historical figures: Old Major represents both the founder of communism Karl Marx and the Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin; the farmer, Mr. Jones, is the Russian Czar; the boar Napoleon stands for Joseph Stalin; and the pig Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Alliteration Alliteration is a series of words or phrases that all (or almost all) start with the same sound. These sounds are typically consonants to give more stress to that syllable. You’ll often come across alliteration in poetry, titles of books and poems (Jane Austen is a fan of this device, for example- just look at Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility), and tongue twisters. Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." In this tongue twister, the "p" sound is repeated at the beginning of all major words. Allusion Allusion is when an author makes an indirect reference to a figure, place, event, or idea originating from outside the text. Many allusions make reference to previous works of literature or art. Example: "Stop acting so smart- it’s not like you’re Einstein or something." This is an allusion to the famous real-life theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Anachronism An anachronism occurs when there is an (intentional) error in the chronology or timeline of a text. This could be a character who appears in a different time period than when he actually lived, or a technology that appears before it was invented. Anachronisms are often used for comedic effect. Example: A Renaissance king who says, "That’s dope, dude!" would be an anachronism, since this type of language is very modern and not actually from the Renaissance period. Anaphora Anaphora is when a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of multiple sentences throughout a piece of writing. It's used to emphasize the repeated phrase and evoke strong feelings in the audience. Example: A famous example of anaphora is Winston Churchill's "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" speech. Throughout this speech, he repeats the phrase "we shall fight" while listing numerous places where the British army will continue battling during WWII. He did this to rally both troops and the British people and to give them confidence that they would still win the war. Anthropomorphism An anthropomorphism occurs when something nonhuman, such as an animal, place, or inanimate object, behaves in a human-like way. Example: Children's cartoons have many examples of anthropomorphism. For example, Mickey and Minnie Mouse can speak, wear clothes, sing, dance, drive cars, etc. Real mice can't do any of these things, but the two mouse characters behave much more like humans than mice. Asyndeton Asyndeton is when the writer leaves out conjunctions (such as "and," "or," "but," and "for") in a group of words or phrases so that the meaning of the phrase or sentence is emphasized. It is often used for speeches since sentences containing asyndeton can have a powerful, memorable rhythm. Example: Abraham Lincoln ends the Gettysburg Address with the phrase "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth." By leaving out certain conjunctions, he ends the speech on a more powerful, melodic note. Colloquialism Colloquialism is the use of informal language and slang. It's often used by authors to lend a sense of realism to their characters and dialogue. Forms of colloquialism include words, phrases, and contractions that aren't real words (such as "gonna" and "ain’t"). Example: "Hey, what’s up, man?" This piece of dialogue is an example of a colloquialism, since it uses common everyday words and phrases, namely "what’s up" and "man." Epigraph An epigraph is when an author inserts a famous quotation, poem, song, or other short passage or text at the beginning of a larger text (e.g., a book, chapter, etc.). An epigraph is typically written by a different writer (with credit given) and used as a way to introduce overarching themes or messages in the work. Some pieces of literature, such as Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick, incorporate multiple epigraphs throughout. Example: At the beginning of Ernest Hemingway’s book The Sun Also Rises is an epigraph that consists of a quotation from poet Gertrude Stein, which reads, "You are all a lost generation," and a passage from the Bible. Epistrophe Epistrophe is similar to anaphora, but in this case, the repeated word or phrase appears at the end of successive statements. Like anaphora, it is used to evoke an emotional response from the audience. Example: In Lyndon B. Johnson's speech, "The American Promise," he repeats the word "problem" in a use of epistrophe: "There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem." Hemingway, deep in thought about what quotation to choose for his epigraph. Euphemism A euphemism is when a more mild or indirect word or expression is used in place of another word or phrase that is considered harsh, blunt, vulgar, or unpleasant. Example: "I’m so sorry, but he didn’t make it." The phrase "didn’t make it" is a more polite and less blunt way of saying that someone has died. Flashback A flashback is an interruption in a narrative that depicts events that have already occurred, either before the present time or before the time at which the narration takes place. This device is often used to give the reader more background information and details about specific characters, events, plot points, and so on. Example: Most of the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is a flashback from the point of view of the housekeeper, Nelly Dean, as she engages in a conversation with a visitor named Lockwood. In this story, Nelly narrates Catherine Earnshaw's and Heathcliff's childhoods, the pair's budding romance, and their tragic demise. Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is when an author indirectly hints at- through things such as dialogue, description, or characters’ actions- what’s to come later on in the story. This device is often used to introduce tension to a narrative. Example: Say you’re reading a fictionalized account of Amelia Earhart. Before she embarks on her (what we know to be unfortunate) plane ride, a friend says to her, "Be safe. Wouldn’t want you getting lost- or worse." This line would be an example of foreshadowing because it implies that something bad ("or worse") will happen to Earhart. Hyperbole Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader. It is often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis. Example: "I’m so hungry I could eat a horse." The speaker will not literally eat an entire horse (and most likely couldn’t), but this hyperbole emphasizes how starved the speaker feels. Imagery Imagery is when an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our senses (taste, smell, sight, touch, or hearing). This device is often used to help the reader clearly visualize parts of the story by creating a strong mental picture. Example: Here’s an example of imagery taken from William Wordsworth’s famous poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud": When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden Daffodils;Beside the Lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Irony Irony is when a statement is used to express an opposite meaning than the one literally expressed by it. There are three types of irony in literature: Verbal irony: When someone says something but means the opposite (similar to sarcasm). Situational irony: When something happens that's the opposite of what was expected or intended to happen. Dramatic irony: When the audience is aware of the true intentions or outcomes, while the characters are not. As a result, certain actions and/or events take on different meanings for the audience than they do for the characters involved. Examples: Verbal irony: One example of this type of irony can be found in Edgar Allan Poe’s "The Cask of Amontillado." In this short story, a man named Montresor plans to get revenge on another man named Fortunato. As they toast, Montresor says, "And I, Fortunato- I drink to your long life." This statement is ironic because we the readers already know by this point that Montresor plans to kill Fortunato. Situational irony: A girl wakes up late for school and quickly rushes to get there. As soon as she arrives, though, she realizes that it’s Saturday and there is no school. Dramatic irony: In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo commits suicide in order to be with Juliet; however, the audience (unlike poor Romeo) knows that Juliet is not actually dead- just asleep. Poe was a fan of irony- and ravens. Juxtaposition Juxtaposition is the comparing and contrasting of two or more different (usually opposite) ideas, characters, objects, etc. This literary device is often used to help create a clearer picture of the characteristics of one object or idea by comparing it with those of another. Example: One of the most famous literary examples of juxtaposition is the opening passage from Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair †¦" Malapropism Malapropism happens when an incorrect word is used in place of a word that has a similar sound. This misuse of the word typically results in a statement that is both nonsensical and humorous; as a result, this device is commonly used in comedic writing. Example: "I just can't wait to dance the flamingo!" Here, a character has accidentally called the flamenco (a type of dance) the flamingo (an animal). Metaphor/Simile Metaphors are when ideas, actions, or objects are described in non-literal terms. In short, it’s when an author compares one thing to another. The two things being described usually share something in common but are unalike in all other respects. A simile is a type of metaphor in which an object, idea, character, action, etc., is compared to another thing using the words "as" or "like." Both metaphors and similes are often used in writing for clarity or emphasis. Examples: "What light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." In this line from Romeo and Juliet, Romeo compares Juliet to the sun. However, because Romeo doesn’t use the words "as" or "like," it is not a simile- just a metaphor. "She is as vicious as a lion." Since this statement uses the word "as" to make a comparison between "she" and "a lion," it is a simile. Metonym A metonym is when a related word or phrase is substituted for the actual thing to which it's referring. This device is usually used for poetic or rhetorical effect. Example: "The pen is mightier than the sword." This statement, which was coined by Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839, contains two examples of metonymy: "the pen" refers to "the written word," and "the sword" refers to "military force/violence." Mood Mood is the general feeling the writer wants the audience to have. The writer can achieve this through description, setting, dialogue, and word choice. Example: Here's a passage from J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit: "It had a perfectly round door like a porthole, painted green, with a shiny yellow brass knob in the exact middle. The door opened on to a tube-shaped hall like a tunnel: a very comfortable tunnel without smoke, with panelled walls, and floors tiled and carpeted, provided with polished chairs, and lots and lots of pegs for hats and coats the hobbit was fond of visitors." In this passage, Tolkien uses detailed description to set create a cozy, comforting mood. From the writing, you can see that the hobbit's home is well-cared for and designed to provide comfort. Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia is a word (or group of words) that represents a sound and actually resembles or imitates the sound it stands for. It is often used for dramatic, realistic, or poetic effect. Examples: Buzz, boom, chirp, creak, sizzle, zoom, etc. Oxymoron An oxymoron is a combination of two words that, together, express a contradictory meaning. This device is often used for emphasis, for humor, to create tension, or to illustrate a paradox (see next entry for more information on paradoxes). Examples: Deafening silence, organized chaos, cruelly kind, insanely logical, etc. The Penrose stairs = a classic example of a paradox. Are they going up or down?! Paradox A paradox is a statement that appears illogical or self-contradictory but, upon investigation, might actually be true or plausible. Note that a paradox is different from an oxymoron: a paradox is an entire phrase or sentence, whereas an oxymoron is a combination of just two words. Example: Here's a famous paradoxical sentence: "This statement is false." If the statement is true, then it isn’t actually false (as it suggests). But if it’s false, then the statement is true! Thus, this statement is a paradox because it is both true and false at the same time. Personification Personification is when a nonhuman figure or other abstract concept or element is described as having human-like qualities or characteristics. (Unlike anthropomorphism where non-human figures become human-like characters, with personification, the object/figure is simply described as being human-like.) Personification is used to help the reader create a clearer mental picture of the scene or object being described. Example: "The wind moaned, beckoning me to come outside." In this example, the wind- a nonhuman element- is being described as if it is human (it "moans" and "beckons"). Repetition Repetition is when a word or phrase is written multiple times, usually for the purpose of emphasis. It is often used in poetry (for purposes of rhythm as well). Example: When Lin-Manuel Miranda, who wrote the score for the hit musical Hamilton, gave his speech at the 2016 Tony’s, he recited a poem he’d written that included the following line: And love is love is love is love is love is love is love is love cannot be killed or swept aside. Satire Satire is genre of writing that criticizes something, such as a person, behavior, belief, government, or society. Satire often employs irony, humor, and hyperbole to make its point. Example: The Onion is a satirical newspaper and digital media company. It uses satire to parody common news features such as opinion columns, editorial cartoons, and click bait headlines. Soliloquy A type of monologue that's often used in dramas, a soliloquy is when a character speaks aloud to himself (and to the audience), thereby revealing his inner thoughts and feelings. Example: In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s speech on the balcony that begins with, "O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?" is a soliloquy, as she is speaking aloud to herself (remember that she doesn't realize Romeo's there listening!). Symbolism Symbolism refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work to represent something else- typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs from its literal meaning. The things used for symbolism are called "symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes changing in meaning as the plot progresses. Example: In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby, the green light that sits across from Gatsby’s mansion symbolizes Gatsby’s hopes and dreams. Synecdoche A synecdoche is a literary device in which part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It's similar to a metonym (see above); however, a metonym doesn't have to represent the whole- just something associated with the word used. Example: "Help me out, I need some hands!" In this case, "hands" is being used to refer to people (the whole human, essentially). Tone While mood is what the audience is supposed to feel, tone isthe writer or narrator's attitude towards a subject. A good writer will always want the audience to feel the mood they're trying to evoke, but the audience may not always agree with the narrator's tone, especially if the narrator is an unsympathetic character or has viewpoints that differ from those of the reader. Example: In an essay disdaining Americans and some of the sites they visit as tourists, Rudyard Kipling begins with the line, "Today I am in the Yellowstone Park, and I wish I were dead." If you enjoy Yellowstone and/or national parks, you may not agree with the author's tone in this piece. Time to become your own Sherlock Holmes! How to Identify and Analyze Literary Devices: 4 Tips In order to fully interpret pieces of literature, you have to understand a lot about literary devices in the texts you read. Here are our top tips for identifying and analyzing different literary techniques: Tip 1: Read Closely and Carefully First off, you’ll need to make sure that you’re reading very carefully. Resist the temptation to skim or skip any sections of the text. If you do this, you might miss some literary devices being used and, as a result, will be unable to accurately interpret the text. If there are any passages in the work that make you feel especially emotional, curious, intrigued, or just plain interested, check that area again for any literary devices at play. It’s also a good idea to reread any parts you thought were confusing or that you didn't totally understand on a first read-through. Doing this ensures that you have a solid grasp of the passage (and text as a whole) and will be able to analyze it appropriately. Tip 2: Memorize Common Literary Terms You won’t be able to identify literary elements in texts if you don’t know what they are or how they’re used, so spend some time memorizing the literary elements list above. Knowing these (and how they look in writing) will allow you to more easily pinpoint these techniques in various types of written works. Tip 3: Know the Author’s Intended Audience Knowing what kind of audience an author intended her work to have can help you figure out what types of literary devices might be at play. For example, if you were trying to analyze a children’s book, you'd want to be on the lookout for child-appropriate devices, such as repetition and alliteration. Tip 4: Take Notes and Bookmark Key Passages and Pages This is one of the most important tips to know, especially if you're reading and analyzing works for English class. As you read, take notes on the work in a notebook or on a computer. Write down any passages, paragraphs, conversations, descriptions, etc., that jump out at you or that contain a literary device you were able to identify. You can also take notes directly in the book, if possible (but don’t do this if you’re borrowing a book from the library!). I recommend circling keywords and important phrases, as well as starring interesting or particularly effective passages and paragraphs. Lastly, use sticky notes or post-its to bookmark pages that are interesting to you or that have some kind of notable literary device. This will help you go back to them later should you need to revisit some of what you’ve found for a paper you plan to write. What’s Next? Looking for more in-depth explorations and examples of literary devices? Join us as we delve into imagery, personification, rhetorical devices, tone words and mood, and different points of view in literature, as well as some more poetry-specific terms like assonance and iambic pentameter. Reading The Great Gatsby for class or even just for fun? Then you'll definitely want to check out our expert guides on the biggest themes in this classic book, from love and relationships to money and materialism. Got questions about Arthur Miller's The Crucible? Read our in-depth articles to learn about the most important themes in this play and get a complete rundown of all the characters. For more information on your favorite works of literature, take a look at our collection of high-quality book guides and our guide to the 9 literary elements that appear in every story! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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Human resource development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human resource development - Assignment Example Human resource development (HRD) serves the requirement of an organization to provide employees with latest knowledge. Present business environment needs HRD not merely to assist the business strategies but to form the business strategies. Present business environment needs HRD not merely to assist the business strategies but to form the business strategies. HRD plays a strategic part by assuring the proficiency of employees to fulfil the company’s performance needs. The formation of strategies is vital in the corporate performance for almost every successful organisation (Torraco & Swanson, 1995). The report will describe the major components of implementing HRD in a medium-sized service company named ABC Ltd. as well as the conditions that facilitate the implementation of HRD. Components of HRD In the HRD system of ABC Ltd. there will be three major components which are training, education and development. Pareek and Rao (2006) had reformed the components of integrated HRD o f an organization. He described ‘HRD as a process’, rather than set of methods and practices (Pareek & Rao, 2006). In the HRD system of ABC Ltd. there will be three major components which are training, education and development. Pareek and Rao (2006) had reformed the components of integrated HRD of an organization. He described ‘HRD as a process’, rather than set of methods and practices (Pareek & Rao, 2006). Based on his point of view the strategically integrated HRD system will include: Performance appraisal Feedback and performance education Training and development Career planning Worker welfare and working condition Compensation and rewards Organizational and system development Human Resource Information (Jain, 1996) All these instruments are used to instigate, facilitate and encourage the HRD procedure in an incessant approach. The compensation, worker welfare and good working conditions are fundamental components of HRD to ensure a friendly atmospher e in an organization for implementation of strategic HRD. Performance appraisal, training and development, career planning and feedback are motivator components of strategic HRD which help to make the strategic HRD to become successful. The fundamental components of HRD might not assist in the success of HRD but absence of these components can adversely impact on the development plan (Kandula, 2004). Training Cycle (Systematic Approach) Training is a logical improvement of the knowledge, proficiency and approach which is needed by an individual to carry out effectively a given task. The purpose of training is to improve the capabilities of the individual and to fulfil present and future manpower requirements of the company. The systematic approach to training is a kind of tactic for managing training programs. It is an organized reasonable approach to make people understand what is needed from them in a task or profession. The systematic approach of training guarantees that employee s are ready for their jobs by possessing requisite knowledge, talents and approaches (Dhawan, n.d.). For conducting training in ABC Ltd. there are several phases which are described below: Source: (UNODC, 2011). Step 1: Organization’s Objectives: Firstly, the objectives of the organization and needs and the methods by which the organization’s objectives will be fulfilled is recognized by a variety of jobs which the organization provides. Step 2: Investigating Training Needs: The training requirement of ABC Ltd. will be identified after establishing the organizational objectives. If the training needs are not identified then the training will be unable to achieve its desired objectives. For identification of the training needs the following things could be done: Examine the knowledge, talent, and performance which are needed for the job in the organization

Case Study Write up (Don't have any topic) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write up (Don't have any topic) - Case Study Example The business owners need to create a variety of fresh content for their social media every week. Furthermore, owners should use a variety of social media platforms such as: Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Previously, owners mainly used word of mouth to promote their products. Using social media platforms has its disadvantages including: the owner needs to change content regularly so as to keep the consumers interested, and they also have to focus on a single media platform since using several shall confuse the consumers. The advantage of using social media platforms is that the business owner can increase participation in offline activities. The information in the social media platform can be updated from time to time. If the business is in a van, the consumers can easily know your new location and this ensures that you maintain a loyal customer base. Using television ads: Televisions are a common feature in almost every modern household. This means that business owners can reach a wide range of consumers with this form of marketing. This form of marketing is extremely expensive and time consuming since the commercial has to be acted out by professional performers. Word-of-mouth: This form of advertising involves telling people about your business by speaking to people. This is an extremely cheap means of marketing since all that is needed are some sweet words and charisma. However, this form of marketing is quite tedious since one must walk around stopping complete strangers and convince them to come buy their product. Using placards: This form of advertising is good for a small business since it provides a detailed summary about the business. The only disadvantage is on illiterate people who will not be able to decipher the information. Using radio ads: Radios are the most widespread electronic communication device in rural areas. This form of marketing means that the small business owner can reach

Leonardo Davinci aritist or scientist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leonardo Davinci aritist or scientist - Essay Example (Catholic Encyclopedia) Leonardo da Vinci is best described as one of the greatest minds of the Renaissance. He was born in a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. He was a multi-talented artist-scientist who excelled in various fields as painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scholar. "Leonardo was one of the greatest men of science in history, but the world which admired him as an artist did not discover the man of science until many centuries after his death" (Dibner, 380). He was chosen the 13th among the "Immortals of Science" by nearly 1,200 college and university presidents, editors of science periodicals, science editors of the world's great newspapers, and professors of science at scores of universities. (Dibner, 380) Leonardo's fascination with machines probably began during his boyhood. Some of his earliest sketches clearly show how various machine parts worked. As an apprentice in the studio of the artist Verrocchio, Leonardo observed and used a variety of machines. By studying them he gained practical knowledge about their design and structure. (Museum of Science) During the Renaissance, European artists began to study the model of nature more closely and to paint with the goal of greater realism. They learned to create lifelike people and animals, and they became skilled at creating the illusion of depth and distance on flat walls and canvases by using the techniques of linear perspective. (Holmes, 87) In the fifteenth century, Italy was not the unified country we know today; rather it was divided into many small independent states. Naples in the south was ruled by a series of kings. Popes of the Roman Catholic Church ruled the middle section. To the north different families controlled the largest and wealthiest city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice. They fought wars against each other and against smaller neighboring states to increase their power. (Museum of Science) In that time of the renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci trained as a painter, and his amazing power of observation and skill as an illustrator enabled him to notice and recreate the effects he saw in nature. Leonardo was curious and observant, and wrote down and sketched so many of his observations in his notebooks. He was among the very first to take a scientific approach towards understanding of the world. (Museum of Science: Leonardo's Perspective) Leonardo wrote in Italian using a special kind of shorthand that he invented himself. He used "mirror writing", starting at the right side of the page and moving to the left. He did this probably to make it harder for people to read his notes and steal his ideas. Another reason is that he was hiding his scientific ideas from the powerful Roman Catholic Church; and also, writing left handed from left to right was messy because the ink just put down would smear as his hand moved across it; therefore he chose to write in reverse because it prevented smudging. (Museum of Science) As an artist, Leonardo borrowed almost nothing from the past - a few details in a candelabrum in the small "Annunciation" of the Louvre, rare sketches such as the "Dancers" of the Academy of Venice, a warrior's head at London (British Museum). Leonardo, therefore,

Works hours and GBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Works hours and GBA - Essay Example Additionally, the application of quantitative method ensures that the data collected is valid and reliable, since it entails the collection of primary data from the participants directly, using tools such as interviews and questionnaires. Through the application of a quantitative method of study, any subjectivity is eliminated, as the findings, recommendations and the conclusions are based on the data collected, evaluated and analyzed. This further serves to increase on the validity, accuracy and reliability of such results and information, as generated by the method. A great advantage associated with quantitative method of study is the fact that the researcher does not have to prepare strictly a design in advance, as the method unfolds in a more natural manner, making it easy for use by even individuals who have no prior experience in research (Alex, 61). The choice of the topic is based on the notion held by many people that if a student engages in work while still studying, it is likely to negatively affect his academic performance, since work is tiresome and exhaustive. While this could be one perspective, there could be many other advantages associated with students involving in work, while still undertaking their studies. For example, it can be easily observed that work provides a student with an alternative channel to break the monotony of class work, through an indulgence in different activities that are not of an academic nature. Therefore, this topic is a vital area of study, in that, the findings of the study will go a long way in making it well understood as to what is the relationship between work hours and GPA among graduate students. Further, the conclusion and recommendations reached by the study will serve to enlighten the academic fraternity on the advantages of students working while still studying. This way, it wil l help students make

The Potato Chip Industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The Potato Chip Industry - Term Paper Example d ‘Wonks’ which was started by two smart lawyers who secretly bought up all the firms of this sector and began their operations as a monopolistic firm. The intention of this paper is to gain an in depth understanding of the monopoly market structure in comparison to the monopolistically competitive market structure with reference to potato chip industry. A monopoly market structure is characterized by meager or insignificant competition and complete control of the monopolist over the market. It is often learnt to be extremely profitable to the shareholders who intends to invest in a monopolistic business. It is because of the fact that the shareholders have to face insignificant risks of suffering loss from the business as the monopoly firm enjoys an apparent influence over the price of the commodities which can be altered at any time to substantiate the probable risks, thus securing the shareholders’ value. Moreover, a monopolistic firm also enjoys minimum exposure to the risk of close substitutes, since there are no other firms associated with supplying the same product. In case of a monopoly market, since there is only a single firm in market selling a particular commodity, it also becomes easier for the government to regulate the market operations (Petru, 2011). A monopoly firm is found to be consistently innovative in the long run for the reason that if the firm does not encourage innovation in its products and/or services, the consumers may opt for a substitute of the product instead of the same monotonous commodity which in turn is most likely to reward better market opportunities to the new entrants. In other words, it can be affirmed that if a monopoly firm continues with a same product without innovation, as a result of the growing consumer demand for new products, new entrants are most likely to get an opportunity to invade the market. Thus, it is quite likely that a monopoly market structure will be able to reward better customer services with

Works hours and GBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Works hours and GBA - Essay Example Additionally, the application of quantitative method ensures that the data collected is valid and reliable, since it entails the collection of primary data from the participants directly, using tools such as interviews and questionnaires. Through the application of a quantitative method of study, any subjectivity is eliminated, as the findings, recommendations and the conclusions are based on the data collected, evaluated and analyzed. This further serves to increase on the validity, accuracy and reliability of such results and information, as generated by the method. A great advantage associated with quantitative method of study is the fact that the researcher does not have to prepare strictly a design in advance, as the method unfolds in a more natural manner, making it easy for use by even individuals who have no prior experience in research (Alex, 61). The choice of the topic is based on the notion held by many people that if a student engages in work while still studying, it is likely to negatively affect his academic performance, since work is tiresome and exhaustive. While this could be one perspective, there could be many other advantages associated with students involving in work, while still undertaking their studies. For example, it can be easily observed that work provides a student with an alternative channel to break the monotony of class work, through an indulgence in different activities that are not of an academic nature. Therefore, this topic is a vital area of study, in that, the findings of the study will go a long way in making it well understood as to what is the relationship between work hours and GPA among graduate students. Further, the conclusion and recommendations reached by the study will serve to enlighten the academic fraternity on the advantages of students working while still studying. This way, it wil l help students make

MGT302 - Org. Behavior and Teamwork SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT302 - Org. Behavior and Teamwork SLP - Essay Example The strategic processing styles combines to give four Strategic Patterns that are Changers, Performers, Perfectors and Conservators. Affect of Strategic Processing Styles and Strategic Pattern on Communication and Decision-making at Work The four strategic processing styles are of equal value but the two strategic styles that will give the optimal results are relational innovators and hypothetical analyzer. The relational innovator is capable of producing ideas and enjoys using unconventional methods. Hypothetical analyzer is able to resolve such problems which cannot be solved easily. The combination of these two strategic processing styles generates strategic pattern perfectors. Perfectors strategic pattern is the combination of planning and action. In perfectors strategic pattern the relational innovator has the capacity to produce new and innovative ideas and hypothetical analyzer is capacitive of analyze the idea, make changes to it or amend it and give rise to a idea that will certainly result in a profitable condition. The whole process of this pattern generates a circle of ideas and their examination which always produces new and innovative ideas and new businesses comprising these ideas.

Eagle Boys Pizza Report Essay Example for Free

Eagle Boys Pizza Report Essay Founded by a young baker in his mum’s garage in 1987, Eagle Boys now operates more than 335 stores throughout all states of Australia. It is one hundred per cent Australian owned and operated and delivers pizzas to hungry families across Australia from metropolitan inner city areas to small remote towns. With over 8,000 team members nationally, Eagle Boys makes just under 18 million pizzas a year and generates an annual turnover of more than $200 million. Focused on delivering real taste, real size and real value to pizza lovers across Australia, Eagle Boys is customer-focused and continually examines ways to improve its customer satisfaction and service. Eagle Boys ensures pizza lovers across Australia receive tasty meals and exceptional service every time by training its franchises to commit 110% to customers’ satisfaction. Explanation of its legal structure Eagle Boys pizza is a Proprietary company, meaning that it is private. The shareholders of Eagle Boys Pizza Pty Ltd, have limited liability protection, which means that the most money they can lose is the amount they paid for their shares. Eagle Boys began as a family business, as it was founded by Tom Potter and his mum in 1989. It is an incorporated business, meaning that the business is a separate legal entity from the owners. This allowed the business to be sold and still be operated, in 2007 to Todd Clayton who is now the CEO and managing director of Eagle Boys Pizza. The fact that it is a separate legal entity, allows the company to sue, be sued, buy or sell property and also have perpetual succession. Identification of the current stage of the business life cycle the business is currently in and give reasons for your views Eagle Boys pizza is currently at the maturity stage of the business cycle. Its goal is to maintain profits at pre-existing levels. Recently, in February 2011, Eagle Boys responded to the growing sophistication of Australians’ pizza palate by unveiling its new Gourmet Pizza Range featuring ingredients such as, Roasted Potato, Salmon Steaks and Tandoori Chicken. Eagle Boys is also the only Australian pizza maker to offer Ready 2 Go! â„ ¢, which allows customers to get their hands on some of their favourite pizzas without phoning beforehand or waiting between 5. 30pm and 8pm daily. Since Eagle Boys was purchased by private equity firm NBC Capital and the current executive team in 2007, Network store numbers have grown by 63% which is the highest period of growth in the company’s 24-year history. Eagle Boys saw sales grow 15. 4% during the 12 months up to June 2010, bringing total sales growth during the past three years to 43. 2%. The company expects the strong double digit growth to continue with the opening of additional stores and the launch of new products. Identification of one business law and one regulatory body in relation to this business – explain how this business complies An example of a business law of the Eagle Boys pizza is a privacy law. Eagle Boys is subject to Privacy Legislation, including the National Privacy Principles (NPPs) under the Privacy Act 1988, The Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act (1988) and contractual requirements relating to Privacy pursuant to a number of State and Territory Government Licence Agreements. Eagle Boys Pizza complies with this law by collecting information by either specifying or letting the reason be apparent at the time the information is collected. It is not Eagle Boys’ general practice to collect sensitive information and they will only collect sensitive information with the persons consent. A regulatory body that Eagle Boys Pizza complies with is the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Eagle Boys applied for notification of conduct whereby it would grant franchises on condition that franchisees acquire goods and services from specified suppliers. That notification was lodged on 13 August 2009 and allowed to stand on 21 September 2009. Eagle Boys complies by ensuring product safety and liability and does not provide any false or misleading advertising. Identification of two significant challenges for management in the business life cycle – one challenge management has faced prior to 2011 and one they will face in the future (ensure you state which stage of the life cycle the business experienced /will experience this challenge) A significant challenge that Eagle Boys pizza management has faced prior to 2011 is responding to the growing amount of different pizza businesses, in competition with Eagle Boys, and the need to introduce new ranges and varieties of products to satisfy the needs of consumers. They had been challenged to introduce new products such as gourmet pizzas, desserts, and sides such as pastas, chicken wings, garlic bread etc. This challenge was experienced during the growth stage of the business cycle. A significant challenge that Eagle Boys pizza management will face in the future is decline, in the Recession stage of the business life cycle. As the business would have been running for a while now, it will have become a high-risk business. Products may become obsolete, leaving the business with unsold stock. Another factor influencing decline is well qualified employees beginning to leave and seek better job opportunities. Due to the ongoing introduction of new businesses in the same field, Eagle Boys will be affected by consumers no longer buying the businesses products, resulting in a large dent in the cash flow. Consequently, profits will also decline. Identification of the business environmental influences, both internal and external, that have impacted upon this business Internal environmental influences that have impacted Eagle Boys Pizza include product influences such as the range of menus that it provides as well as services provided. E. g. Delivery services. Location influences also have a large effect on the business. The location of franchises is vital as a prime location means the business will attract higher numbers of customers as it is convenient and visible. The proximity to customers, suppliers and support services is also essential in determining the location of the business. Another internal influence is resources. Employees, being the main asset to the business are an extremely important resource. Other important resources include cooking and servicing equipment and machinery as well as raw materials that allow the business to create and sell their products. Management influences control the workers and help to provide a more organised structure and easy way of communication and co-operation. External environmental influences that have impacted Eagle Boys Pizza include Legal influences such as increasing legal obligations and business requirements. Political and institutional influences include taxation, employee superannuation, approval of new development and alteration applications. These influences have a strong impact on how and where the business is run. Another external influence is financial influences. Financial influences create changes in the financial market which can cause risk for the business. Geographical influences heavily impact the opportunities for the business. Demographic factors such as population, age, and income control the popularity of the business. Explanation and critical analyses of how management has responded to the above range of challenges and influences The first Eagle Boys Pizza opened in Albury, New South Wales. Eagle Boys advertised their products as semi-gourmet pizzas that quite unique to the larger chains, yet cheaper due to the high production output. This successful idea caught on, and the first store in Albury was quickly creating a generous profit. Within less than a year, Eagle Boys opened up two more stores in the neighbouring cities of Wagga Wagga and Dubbo. As the company sustained its growth, it put a lot of energy into researching ways to meet consumer demands in different regions. With stores opening up in rural, suburban and urban areas throughout Australia, the company became very popular due to operating in areas that other large fast food businesses would often ignore. One particularly successful store model was the development of a drive-thru pizza store in 1999, a concept which was unheard of at the time. Australia’s first drive-thru pizza store demonstrated to be immensely popular, as it was easy and convenient. Expanding on this quick pizza delivery system, the company launched the Eagle Boys Pizza Express Store shortly after, which was designed to provide quick service pizza out of a small location in highly populated foot traffic areas. This express system proved to be very popular, and new locations started to spring up at airports, shopping malls and pedestrian malls around the country. Many locations were now generating up to forty precent of their sales. As the company started to experience increased competition, it had to do something to differentiate its express pizza service from other companies offering similar products. Eagle Boys eventually developed a popular offshoot menu for Eagle Express stores: â€Å"Ready, Fresh Go! † in 2008. This idea meant that while it is an express delivery system, the pizzas are made fresh and held in specially-designed slow-cook ovens that ensure their freshness. The company’s dedication to research and response to consumer trends and the development of new, quality products quality concluded in the largest reformation of the Eagle Boys menu in its history. Launched in early 2010, the new menu featured a variety of new items. Apart from new pizzas, new items such as a chocolate fudge mousse dessert, pasta dishes, additional side dishes and drinks were introduced. Customers have responded with a resounding satisfaction, and throughout 2010 Eagle Boys enjoyed one of its biggest increases in sales in company history. Eagle Boys continues to develop new and accessible ways to respond to challenges and internal and external influences. Creating innovative and unique products is what has propelled the company to success, and it continues to be a mainstay of Eagle Boys’ activities today.

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay Italy came into existence in the 9th century BC with Rome as powerful capital. Initially it was consist of Oscan, Umbrains and Latin. It was a huge hub of science, social science and arts. Italy initially was given by Greek settlers. In 2009, the population of Italy has crossed the bar of 60 million. It is the fourth largest populous country in the Europe. And it is the 23rd populous country in world. As far as population density is concerned it has almost 200 persons living in the every square kilometer of Italy. If we go on geographical side then its area is around 301,338 square kilometer. It is divided into 20 administrative regions that includes Abruzzi, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Remagna, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Giulia, Lazio,Valle dAosta, Veneto, Sicilia, Friuli-Venezia and Basilicata. If we come across the birth rate then it is around 9.78 births per second in 1000 people which is comparatively large History Italy has always been popular amongst tourists. People have been visting it for ages but first visit by tourist can be cited as the aristocrats during the Grand Tour. This started in the late 17th century and kept on growing in the 18th century. Rome was especially popular among early tourists due to its reputation of being the capital of powerful and influential Roman Empire. The city was a major attraction and thousand of tourists visited the city every year. People came from Mediterranean, Northern Africa, mainland Great Britain and part of Middle East. Country was also popular as a trading site and traders and merchants came to Italy from several different parts of the world. Italy can be geographically segregated as follows: Northwest Italy This city is famous for the historic cities such as Turin, which is often known as the manufacturing capital of Italy. City of Milan is also situated here. Milan is famous all over the world for being the fashion and business capital of Italy. This part of Italy also includes the important port of Genoa . Northeast Italy This part is also popular among tourists and has many attractive tourists destinations such as cities of Venice, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Trento,, Bolzano, Ferrara, Piacenza and a few others. It also boasts of several mountain ranges such as Dolomites, the Carnic and Julian Alps and very popular ski resorts like Cortina dAmpezzo and Madonna di Campiglio. Central Italy This area includes the major tourists attraction and is one of the most visited amongst others.It includes cities such as Florence ,known as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and also cities with rich cultural heritages such as Lucca are located here. Southern Italy Naples is the most popular tourist destination in this area. It also includes areas such as Amalfi Coast and Ravello,Apulia and the beaches and sights of Calabria.Though this part of Italy is not that popular as a tourist destination but agritourism is changing the face of tourism rapidly and it is increasingly becoming popular. Sicily This is the largest island in the country and a very popular island amongst tourists. It is famous for its archaeology,seascape and Sicilian cuisine. Sardinia These are large islands containing several popular tourist attractions such as beaches and archaeological ruins. Tourism Destination of Italy Since we are more focused on tourist side then certainly it becomes important to us to include the largest populous cities of Italy which are Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo and Genoa. Among other major Italian cities the most populated having more than 250,000 inhabitants are Bologna, Florence, Bari, Catania, Venice and Verona. The national language of Italy is Italian but other regional languages are also spoken on various degrees. We will have different climate from south to north in Italy. We can expect very cold winters and very hot summer with very harsh climate during may. Now there is one more reason why Italy is so famous just because of its famous cuisine like thin and crispy Neapolitan pizza and Sicilian pizza. It is simple and evenly distributed in four to eight integrands. In Italy we use Euro that is equal to 1 US Dollar. In terms of Dinar 1 Euro= 0.33 Kuwait Dinar. Italy has a very higher degree of infrastructure and it is well connected by expressways, national highways, airports and seaports. Overall in Italy we have 136 International Airport and railway system is spread in about 20,000 kilo meters. Virtually all the cities and towns are connected by buses and taxis which moves round the clock. Italy has many charming and unusual towns and historic moments that can be easily tapped in Italy. Italy is one of the modern cities of Europe and it is having secular government. Today nearly one fifth of the population of Italy professes to be either Atheists or Agnostics, while much of the remainder of people in Italy who do profess any religion. Italians are warm, welcoming people who love to relax, celebrate and socialize with family and friends. They usually find reasons for celebrations and relaxation. They have passion for talking and eating. Italians like to socialize outside and they also believe in small gathering. Now a day, in Italy a new emerging business trend is tourism that is having a turnover of around 80 million dollars per year. Italy is the fifth most popular tourist destination of the world .It averages about 46.1 million tourists every year.It is only behind France, USA, China, and Spain in terms of popularity among tourists.Italy is well known for its richness in art, cuisine , history , fashion and culture.Its geography contains long and beautiful coastline and beaches ,huge mountains and monuments. Tourism is a huge contributor in GDP of Italy .It is also one of its fastest growing industrial sector whose profit is in the range of $43 billion. Tourism organizational structure Tourism has become a great economic factor in the growth of a country. It has become all the more important since the exponential rise in leisure mobility. Cultural heritage has become pivotal for the tourists .Museums, churches, historical landscapes, urban parks, and exhibitions attract many visitors and historic-cultural amenities have seen a large wave of tourists. While this boom in the growth of tourists has been a positive impact on the local economy, such mass tourism also brings certain negative elements such as congestion, poor quality of life and local identity crisis. This tourism dilemma is more conspicuous in cities with rich cultural past such Naples etc. Violent crime rates are low in Italy compared to other European countries.Tourists need to be a little careful and use common sense and they should not encounter personal safety risks even in the less affluent neighborhoods of the large cities . There are four types of police forces in Italy:Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza, Polizia municipale. Their style of dressing varies among the cities but they are easy to spot due to their uniform and marked cars The operating sectors conducting business at the destinations With the population of more than 60 million, millions of tourists visit Italy every year to spend their holidays, enjoy the beaches and the see the sights like leaning tower of Pisa and also to get taste of an Italian lifestyle. As per the Foreign affairs ministry of Italy, this industry explicates more than half of the Italian GDP, also has impact on the employment and development or construction industry. Major attractions: The northwest Italy region, it consists of Italian Riviera, the Portofino and the Cinque Terra. These are the major historic cities of the Italy, the Turin is also called the manufacturing unite of Italy also resides in this part. This part also includes Milan, which is the famous business and fashion destination of the world. The other major attractions include landscapes of Lake Como area. The other major destinations include the Lazio and the Abruzzo city of central Italy. The Apulia and the Calabria city in southern Italy and the Sicily and the Sardinia Island around the southern Italy. Business Destinations The major destination of Italy is Milan, also called the fashion and business destination of the world. The other major business destination is Turin, which is the also known as the manufacturing city of Italy. Business Travel There all types of business travel are present in Italy, you can reach Italy through air, and all major flights come to Italy. You can choose variety of services offered by the airlines companies as per the business. There is also train route offered by inter-countries of Europe. So there of travel opportunities present to reach Italy. Lodes/Accommodations All the major international brand restaurants and hotels are present in the major touristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s destinations. You will find all types of accommodations like luxurious hotels, rented apartments and lodes. All kinds of accommodations are present as per the financial need. The Italian people are also known for its hospitality so ample opportunities of accommodation available at major tourist spots. Future for the destinations and the benefits to each community There is huge impact of tourism in the GDP of the Italy, as per the Ministry of Foreign Affairs half of the GDP of Italy is comes from tourism industry. The impacts of tourism on various sectors are given below: The tourism industry of Italy has a lot of impact on the educating the peoples as these provide likelihood to lot of peoples in the form of tour operators. So tourism also plays an important role in educating local people to get advantage from this industry. Due the tourism there is lot of developments happening day by day in the real estate, to get all modern equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s available for the tourists like world class restaurants and accommodations. Tourism has also created ample employment opportunities for the people residing near the major tourist destinations like in the form of guides, hospitality and etc. So in the near future due to major developments and role of government in protecting the historic buildings of the country would lead to further development of tourism industry. So it is going to reach bigger height in the near future. Problems Created by Customers/Tourists in Italy Being one of most desired tourist destinations in the world, Italy has to face a number of problems related to the tourism. Tourism is not always favorable when various other aspects of it, is also included. There are some significant problems which emerge due to the tourism. Mentioned below, are some of major problems at different tourist destinations of Italy, caused by he customers and tourists: Problem of vandalism and over-crowding in Rome Rome is famous for its rich architectural heritage. But due increased tourism the problem of vandalism has increased. Some of important and beautiful monuments are tampered and disfigured by some notorious tourists. Rome being the capital of Italy welcomes a huge number of tourists every year. The major problem faced by Rome is over-crowding. There places have become very crowded which has also resulted in the problem of heavy traffic. Problem of pollution in Venice The city of Venice faces lots of problems due to the excessive tourism. The flooding of the canals and lagoons with the polluted water is an alarming problem. Due to increased number people, sewage system is severely affected, with in turn pollutes the canals and lagoons. The tourists who come to attend concerts or expos cause heavy littering. Increased number of vehicles results in parking problem. Problem of inflated prices in Sicily Famous for its beautiful countryside and well preserved towns Sicily is affected economically by the increasing tourism. The prices of basic commodities and products have increased due to external influence which is a negative outcome for local residents and students unrelated to tourism business. Increase in the land pollution and congestion of narrow roads are some other problem created by the tourists. Problem of increased wastes in Naples The incoming tourists produce a lot of additional waste which has increased the environmental pollution in Naples. Increased garbage, polluted air and water bodies are some problem aroused by tourists. Solutions to the Problems at Tourist Destinations Tourism industry is an important contributor to the GDP of Italy. The problems caused by the tourists must be dealt with a proper manner without any negative impact on tourism. Mentioned below, are some of the solutions to the highlighted problems mentioned above: Problem of vandalism Solution: Installing close circuit cameras near the monuments to catch perpetrators, increasing number of guards to secure the area, making more severe laws regarding vandalism. Problem to overcrowding and traffic Solution: Put time restrictions on the tourists from outside countries for entrance in major cities like Rome, Venice, and Naples. Use of public transportation should be made mandatory for the tourists. The private transportation vehicle must only be issued in group to decrease the number of vehicles on road. Problem of heavy littering Solution: Ban the use of any substance that causes littering, inside a concert or expo. Create proper garbage collecting site near centers of concerts and expos. Increase fine for littering. Appoint extra man power to stop such notorious tourists. Problem of pollution of water bodies Solution: Improvement of sewage system of major cities, structuring it to handle the sewage generated by the population double the size. Create accommodation for the tourists at the edge of the cities. Create sewage treatment plants large enough to handle increased inflow of sewage. Summary Italy has a rich cultural heritage and it is a heaven for the tourists who love art. The beautiful mountains, lakes and landscapes make it a perfect place for the tourists to spend their vacations. The accommodation facilities are very good and affordable. The transportation system is favorable for the tourists, connecting all the major tourist destinations together. The crime rates are low which makes it a safer place for the tourists. The Grand Tour Italy is a very nice facility which allows tourists to visit and enjoy popular destination of Italy in a cost effective way. The cultural and political environment is favorable to the tourists from different countries all over the world. The flourishing tourism has made Italy to pay some external cost too. The residents are fleeing away from the island due to excessive inflow of tourist. The tourism industry has also replaced some small but significant economic sectors. Conclusion Italy is among the top tourist destinations of the world and the tourism industry is an important part of nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. The recent economic crisis has indeed slowed down the inflow of tourist, but the tourism industry is still flourishing in Italy. It has made a good recovery from the recent worldwide economic slowdown. Italy also faces the problem of excessive tourism, which has made some negative impacts. The major cities of Italy have been facing the problem of overcrowding and the pollution of all sorts. The problem of heavy traffic, congestion of urban areas, and increase in amount of wastes is rising at an alarming rate. The historical monuments and places are being highly exploited, which can lead to their degradation in coming years. The cultural influence by the outside tourists has diluted the culture of the region and the history is being distorted. But the tourism department of Italy has gone to great lengths to facilitate its tourists. They are disco vering new historical places for the art loving tourists. Although they are among the best in the world, they still need to make some changes and take some innovative steps for the sustainable development of tourism industry. Recommendation Apart from giving a boost to the economy, tourism industry of Italy has also had some negative impact. This study has highlighted some significant setbacks of excessive tourism. The government should create a proper channel to pool back the profit generated form tourism. The funding for the maintenance of important monuments must be increased. Some of structures are in fragile condition which needs special care. The inflow of tourists must be kept in check to minimize the problem of congestion and overcrowding in major cities. The tourists can be provided with an e-card to enter major tourist destination and should be charged for the same. This way the government can electronically monitor and control the flow of tourists. Through the use of latest information communication technology tools, the tourism department can create a central base for handling all the tourism activities. The development of a central base to guide the tourists and provide them help through phones and computer s can prove to be very beneficial for the Italian tourism department. Comparison between Italy and Spain The Spaniards and Italians peoples can be said as culturally similar countries, their way of approaching and greeting each other is also very similar. But both countries have lot of differences in terms of political, economic and historical we will compare both these countries in these grounds. The Spain is a political entity since form centuries may be starting of 1400 century and it had a well-established colonial empire. The Italy has got just republic and was not a colonial empire. Due to this Spaniards are having senses of Solemnity as compared to Italians on this ground. So they are probably more self-control as compared to Italians. From economic point of view both Spain and Italy are always associated with struggling investment conditions sometimes even threat of having bankrupt. On comparison Italian economy is stronger and prosperous than Spainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. In terms of tourism industry, it is only relevant income generating business activity of Spain. Tourism is also a major portion of GDP for Italy but it have also major industries like fashion industry etc. which are major players. On the basis of tourists come, in Spain tourist are mainly came for spending vacations and holidays. But in Italy people mainly come to experience the lifestyle and architectures of the ancient monuments.